Which gland is often referred to as the "master gland" of the endocrine system?

The pituitary gland is commonly referred to as the "master gland" of the endocrine system because it plays a crucial role in regulating various hormonal functions throughout the body. It produces and releases key hormones that influence other endocrine glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and gonads (ovaries and testes). This regulatory function allows the pituitary gland to help maintain homeostasis, control growth, metabolism, and reproductive processes.

For instance, it secretes growth hormone, which stimulates growth and cell reproduction. It also releases thyroid-stimulating hormone, which prompts the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones essential for metabolism. Likewise, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal glands to produce steroid hormones involved in stress response and metabolism. The pituitary's central role in directing the activities of other glands justifies its nickname as the "master gland."